Complete text -- "Light My Fire"
15 June
Light My Fire
基礎づけるからこそ否定できる（正確な表現は失念）とは、Arthur Kaufmannの言葉ですが、刑法の議論のほとんどはこれでやっちゃえるところがあります。共同正犯の一部実行全部責任を因果的共犯論に立脚して、因果性の存在により基礎づけるという立場（共同正犯を共犯として位置づける）なら、共同正犯の成否は因果性の存否に依拠させるということで一貫します。共謀共同正犯も、承継的共同正犯も、共謀関係からの離脱も、共同実行からの離脱も、すべて因果性の視点で論じればよいのです。でも、この立場では、心理的因果性がやっかいなことになりますので、強化・促進のという因果性をもってきたりします。これで、共同正犯を基礎づける場合の判断はうまくいきますが、否定する場合、とくに離脱の場合はかなり面倒になります。いったん実行者の心に火をつけたとき、その心の火を消し去るのは難しいように思われます。そこで、判例等に現れた事案をもとに因果性が解消される場合を類型化することになります。それでも、因果的共犯論で共同正犯を基礎づけると、共同正犯は因果性の点では教唆・幇助と同質のもので、おそらく結果に対する因果性の度合いで正犯性を区別せざるをえなくなります。そうすると、完全に解消できなかった場合、共同正犯となるのか、教唆・幇助になるのかという問題は残りそうな気もします。
因果性という事実的な寄与の解消はありえないということを前提にして、客観的帰属の不存在による規範的な解消によって共同実行からの離脱をとらえるべきという考えも出てきます（山中II・896頁）。しかし、これは共同正犯の基礎づけと解消が別の原理によってなされていますので、離脱というのは、共同正犯に固有のなにか特別の阻却事由となってしまいそうです。もしかすると、共同正犯の成立も客観的帰属の問題であるということなのかもしれません。だったらそれはそれでいいのですが、因果性の話を共同正犯の一部実行全部責任について持ち出すのではなく、やはり客観的帰属によって説明すべきではないかといえます。
判例の理解なのですが、判例は、共謀共同正犯については、おそらく間接正犯類似説的な根拠をとっているとされ、以前は共同意思主体説をとっていたとされています。このような前提からは、判例理論による共謀関係からの離脱の問題は、間接正犯類似説ないし共同意思主体説による立場を前提に考える方がすなおな気がします。つまり、因果性の視点はいらないということです。端的に共謀関係の解消があったかということでよいのではないでしょうか。たしかにいったん実行の着手があったならば、そこには自らの行為によって火をつけていますから、消化しないといけませんが、相互的な利用関係が共同正犯の基礎であるならば利用関係の阻止ということでもたりるともいえます。このことは、他の見解にもいえることで、行為支配で基礎づけるなら、行為支配の解消の有無をみるべきなのではないかということです。これらの見解で、すくなくとも共謀関係からの離脱について因果性の視点で解消を考えることは、自己矛盾を抱え込んでしまうのではないでしょうか。
わが国での因果的共犯論は、共同正犯性についても因果性の視点を導入すべき可能性を示したという意味で、共同正犯に因果性の火をつけた(catch fire)のですが、「ハートに火をつけて(Catch Fire)」の映画のごとく、爆発炎上によって、従来の相互利用補充の関係による共同実行行為によって共同正犯性を基礎づける立場を自滅させることになっているのかもしれません。
やっぱり「ハートに火をつけて」はドアーズということで。
12:12:06 |
dolus |
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09/10/24 01:20:31
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